Common Senior Dog Diseases and How to Manage Them

As our beloved dogs grow older, their needs begin to shift. They may sleep more, slow down on walks, or seem less interested in activities they once loved. While these changes are often a normal part of aging, they can also signal the onset of chronic health conditions. At Arlington Animal Hospital, we believe that senior dogs deserve the same joyful, active lives they’ve always enjoyed—and that starts with proactive care.

This guide outlines some of the most common health issues senior dogs face, along with practical advice for early recognition, treatment, and ongoing management. Whether your pup is just entering their golden years or already experiencing age-related conditions, we’re here to help every step of the way.

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Osteoarthritis and Joint Degeneration in Aging Dogs

Understanding Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that becomes increasingly common with age. It causes pain, inflammation, and a gradual loss of mobility. If your dog is reluctant to get up, limping after rest, or struggling with stairs, osteoarthritis may be the culprit.

Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

  • Stiffness or limping, especially in the morning
  • Difficulty standing, climbing stairs, or jumping
  • Decreased interest in play or exercise
  • Noticeable discomfort or swelling in joints

Treatment and Management

  • Weight management to reduce pressure on joints
  • Low-impact exercise such as swimming or short walks
  • Joint supplements like glucosamine and omega-3 fatty acids
  • Pain relief options including NSAIDs, cold laser therapy, or acupuncture

Learn more: Best exercises for dogs with osteoarthritis

 Mobility Matters Guide – AAHA

Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Senior Dogs

What is Cognitive Dysfunction?

Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) is similar to dementia in humans. It can affect your dog’s memory, behavior, and ability to interact with their environment.

Recognizing the Signs

  • Disorientation or confusion
  • Wandering or getting stuck in corners
  • Changes in sleep patterns
  • House soiling or behavioral shifts

Management Tools

  • Enrichment activities like toys and scent work to stimulate the mind
  • Antioxidant-rich diets and omega-3 supplements
  • Consistent routines to reduce anxiety
  • Veterinary-prescribed medications such as selegiline

Learn more: More on cognitive decline in senior dogs
Signs of Cognitive Decline

Hypothyroidism in Older Dogs

What Is Hypothyroidism?

This hormonal disorder occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough hormone, slowing the metabolism and affecting multiple body systems.

Symptoms

  • Weight gain without increased appetite
  • Lethargy or fatigue
  • Dry skin, hair loss, or skin infections
  • Cold intolerance

Treatment Plan

  • Daily thyroid hormone medication (levothyroxine)
  • Routine bloodwork to adjust dosage
  • Healthy diet and exercise to maintain overall condition

More on hypothyroidism in dogs

Diabetes in Senior Dogs

Understanding Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body can’t properly regulate glucose levels. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications.

Symptoms

  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Sudden weight loss despite increased appetite
  • Fatigue and frequent infections
  • Cataracts or cloudy eyes

Managing Diabetes

  • Daily insulin injections
  • Balanced, high-fiber diet
  • Regular glucose monitoring
  • Consistent exercise and veterinary supervision

Learn more about: Managing diabetes in pets

Cancer in Senior Dogs

Common Cancers

  • Lymphoma (affects lymph nodes)
  • Mast cell tumors (skin cancer)
  • Hemangiosarcoma (spleen/heart cancer)
  • Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

Warning Signs

  • Unexplained lumps or swelling
  • Persistent limping or lameness
  • Weight loss, reduced appetite, or difficulty breathing

Treatment Options

  • Surgery or biopsy for diagnosis and removal
  • Chemotherapy or radiation for systemic treatment
  • Palliative care and pain management
    Learn:     More about cancer in pets

Preventive Care Strategies for Senior Dogs

Regular Veterinary Visits

Early detection can greatly improve outcomes. Schedule biannual exams that include:

Nutrition and Supplements

Mobility Aids and Comfort at Home

Your dog may be growing older, but that doesn’t mean their best days are behind them. With thoughtful care and regular veterinary support, your senior dog can thrive. Our team at Arlington Animal Hospital is here to guide you every step of the way.

Book a senior pet wellness exam at Arlington Animal Hospital